Lymphoma can spread rapidly from the lymph nodes to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. As cancerous lymphocytes spread into other tissues, the immune system cannot defend against infections as effectively. The course of treatment depends on the type of lymphoma a person has and the stage it has reached. Read more about the most severe stage of lymphoma. Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma include :.
Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include :. There are no routine screenings for lymphoma. If a person has persistent viral symptoms, they should seek medical consultation. They will also carry out a physical examination, including an inspection of the abdomen and chin, neck, groin, and armpits, where swellings may occur. The doctor will look for signs of infection near lymph nodes since this can account for most cases of swelling.
Blood tests and biopsies: These can detect the presence of lymphoma and help a doctor distinguish between different types. A biopsy involves a surgeon taking a sample of lymph tissue. The doctor will then send it for examination in a laboratory. The surgeon may remove a small section or all of a lymph node. In some cases, they might use a needle to take a tissue sample. It might be necessary to carry out a bone marrow biopsy. This may require a local anesthetic, a sedative, or a general anesthetic.
Biopsies and other tests can confirm the stage of the cancer to see whether it has spread to other parts of the body. A spinal tap: In this procedure, a surgeon uses a long, thin needle to remove and test spinal fluid under local anesthetic. Staging of the cancer depends on the type, growth rate, and cellular characteristics.
In stage 0 or 1, the cancer stays in a confined area. By stage 4, it has spread to more distant organs, and doctors find it more challenging to treat. A doctor may also describe lymphoma as indolent, meaning that it remains in one place. Some lymphomas are aggressive, which means they spread to other parts of the body. With Hodgkin lymphoma, The chances of a good outcome decrease as lymphoma progresses. It is essential to seek medical attention for any symptoms of cold or infection that continue for an extended period.
It is important to remember that even stage IV lymphomas can often be treated successfully. The cancer involves 1 organ and its regional lymph nodes, with or without cancer in other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm stage IIE. Lymphoma most often spreads to the liver, bone marrow, or lungs. Stage III and stage IV are now considered a single category because they have the same treatment and prognosis.
This is also called refractory NHL. It may return in the area where it first started or in another part of the body. Recurrence may occur shortly after the first treatment or years later. If there is a recurrence, the cancer may need to be staged again called re-staging using the system above. This is also called relapsed NHL. In addition to stage, a scale called the International Prognostic Index IPI is important in determining the prognosis of aggressive lymphomas.
Prognosis is the chance of recovery. Patients are classified into low-risk or high-risk groups depending on several factors, including:. Blood test results showing higher-than-normal levels of lactate dehydrogenase LDH , an enzyme found in the blood.
For people with follicular lymphoma, doctors consider the hemoglobin level, which is a part of the blood, the number of lymph node groups involved, LDH level, stage, and age. Doctors use these factors to estimate the prognosis of a lymphoma. For incurable lymphoma, they help predict how aggressive the lymphoma might be. A lower score indicates a better functional status. Lymphoma is the most common type of blood cancer.
Specifically, lymphoma is a cancer that affects lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. Lymphocytes travel through the blood and lymphatic system to defend the body against foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. Lymphomas usually develop when a change, or mutation, occurs within a lymphocyte, causing the abnormal cell to replicate faster than, or live longer than, a normal lymphocyte. Like normal lymphocytes, cancerous lymphocytes can travel through the blood and lymphatic system and spread and grow in many parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs.
Approximately 9, people are diagnosed with HL in the United States each year.
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